Sriwijaya Kingdom

Sriwijaya is ancient Melayu kingdom on the island of Sumatra that much effect on the archipelago. Initial evidence of the existence of this kingdom from the 7th century; a minister of China, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6 months. The first inscriptions of Srivijaya also in the 7th century, the inscription Kedukan Hill in Palembang, Sumatra, in the year 683. This kingdom began to fall around the year 1200 - 1300 due to various factors, including the expansion of Majapahit kingdom. In Sanskrit, sri means "shining" and wijaya means "victory".
After Srivijaya fell, the kingdom is forgotten and historians do not know the existence of this kingdom. Sriwijaya existence is officially known in 1918 by the French historian George Coedes of the École française d'Extreme-Orient. Around the year 1992 to 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin proved that the center of Srivijaya in the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (located in South Sumatra province, Indonesia).

Historiography

There is no further record of Srivijaya in the history of Indonesia; the forgotten past was re-established by a foreign scholar. No modern Indonesian people who heard about Srivijaya until the 1920s, when French scholar George Coedes publish his findings in the Dutch language newspaper, and Indonesia. Coedes China stated that the reference to "Sanfoqi", previously read "Sribhoja", and inscriptions in Ancient Malays refer to the same empire.

Sriwijaya became a symbol of the greatness of Sumatra early, and the great kingdom of Majapahit offset to the east. In the 20th century, the kingdom has become a reference by the nationalists to show that Indonesia is a unit of Dutch colonialism sebelelum.
Sriwijaya called by various names. People call Tionghoa For Sanfotsi or San Qi. [ In Sanskrit and Pali, called Srivijaya kingdom Yavadesh and Javadeh. The Arabs call it call it Zabag Malays and Khmer. The number of names is another reason why Srivijaya very hard to find.

Here are some of the known historical sources related to Srivijaya:
Sanskrit or Tamil-speaking
- Inscription Ligor in Thailand
- Inscription of Canton in Canton
- Inscription Siwagraha
- Inscription Nalanda in India
- Charter of Leiden in India
- Inscription Tanjor
- Charter Grahi
- Inscription Padang Roco
- Inscription Sri Lanka
China news sources
- Annals of the Tang Dynasty
- Chronicle of the Sung Dynasty
- Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty
- Chronicle Travel I Tsing
- Chronic Chu-fan-chi by Chau Ju-kua
- Chronic Tao Chih Wang Lio by Yan Ta
- Chronic Ling-wai Tai-ta by Chou Ku Fei
- Chronic Ying-yai Sheng-lan by Ma Huan
Melayu language inscriptions of Old
- Inscription Kedukan Hill on June 16, 682 AD in Palembang
- Talang Tuo Inscription March 23 684 AD in Palembang
- Telaga Batu inscription to the 7th century AD in Palembang
- Inscription Palas Pasemah 7th century AD in South Lampung
- Inscription Rock Brahi the 7th century AD in Jambi
- Kota Kapur Inscription February 28, 686 AD at P. Bangka
- Inscription Sojomerto the 7th century AD in the district of Batang, Central Java

The formation and growth

Not much physical evidence of Srivijaya which can be found. [11] According to the inscription Kedukan Hill, Srivijaya empire founded by Yacanaca Cri Dapunta Hyang (Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa). He led 20,000 troops (mainly land army and a few hundred ships) from Minanga Tamwan to Palembang, Jambi, and Bengkulu. According to some historians, refers to Tamwan Minanga area around the upper reaches of the river in the regency of Kampar town Fifty now. Tambo Minangkabau Dapunta noted that the family descended from the mountain Hyang Marapi the river Kampar, which his descendants expanded into the southern shoreline of Sumatra. [12]
This kingdom is the trade center and a maritime nation. This country does not extend his power outside the Southeast Asian archipelago, with the exception of Madagascar contributed to the population as far as 3300 miles to the west. Around the year 500, the root of Sriwijaya began to develop in the region around Palembang, Sumatra. This kingdom consists of three main zones - the mouth of the centered capital Palembang, Musi River valley that serves as a support area and estuary areas that could rival a rival power center. Musi river upstream region rich in various precious commodity for China traders. [13] Capital ruled directly by the authorities, while the region still ruled by supporting local Datu.

In the 680 years under the leadership of Jayanasa, subdued the kingdom of Malays under Srivijaya empire. Control of the gold-rich Malays has increased the prestige of the kingdom. [14]. In the 7th century, the Tionghoa noted that there are two kingdoms in Sumatra and the three kingdoms of Java into the Srivijaya empire. In the late 8th century, several kingdoms in Java, among others Holing Tarumanegara and under the influence of Srivijaya. According to records, in this period are Buddhist Sailendra dynasty in Central Java were under the domination of Srivijaya. [15]. Based on the inscription of Kota Kapur, empire controlled the southern part of Sumatra to Lampung, controlling the trade in the Strait of Malacca, South China Sea, Java Sea, and Strait Karimata. In this century too, Langkasuka Malays in the peninsula became part of the kingdom. [16]. In the next period, and Trambralinga Pan Pan, which lies north of Langkasuka, also under the influence of Srivijaya.
Expansion of the kingdom to Java and Peninsular Malays, make Srivijaya controlled two major trade center in Southeast Asia. Based on observation, found in the ruins of the temples Srivijaya in Thailand and Cambodia. In the 7th century, Cham port east of Indochina began to shift many traders from Sriwijaya. To prevent that, maharaja Dharmasetu launched several attacks on coastal cities in Indochina. Indrapura town on the banks of the Mekong river, in the early 8th century under the control of Palembang. [15] Srivijaya continued its domination of Cambodia, until the Khmer King Jayawarman II, founder of the Khmer empire, broke with the kingdom in the same century.
After Dharmasetu, Samaratungga be the successor kingdoms. He ruled during the period 792 to 835. Unlike the expansionist Dharmasetu, Samaratungga no military expansion, but rather chose to strengthen the control of Srivijaya in Java. During his tenure, he built the temple of Borobudur in Java, which was completed in the year 825. [18]
In the 12th century, the area includes Sumatran Srivijaya empire, Sri Lanka, Peninsular Malays, West Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, Kalimantan, and the Philippines. With such mastery, the kingdom of Srivijaya became a great maritime empire until the 13th century.

Vajrayana Buddhism
As a Vajrayana Buddhist teaching center, Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from countries in Asia. Among other priests from China the I Ching, who visited Sumatra on his way to study at Nalanda University, India in 671 and 695, and in the 11th century, Atisha, a Buddhist scholar from Bengal who played in the development of Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet. I Ching reported that the Sriwijaya became home to thousands of Buddhist scholars. Visitors who came to this island states that gold coins have been used in the coastal empire.
Relations with regional powers
Although historical records and archaeological evidence is rarely found, but some states that in the 7th century, Srivijaya had made colonization of the whole of Sumatra, West Java, and some areas in the peninsula Malays. Domination of the Straits of Malacca and Sunda straits, Srivijaya as a controller to make the trade routes of spices and local commerce charge for every ship that passed. Palembang accumulate wealth as a trading port and warehouse market serving China, Malays, and Indians.
Jambi kingdom was the first power of Sriwijaya competitors can finally conquered in the 7th century and the 9th. In Jambi, gold mining is a source of significant economic and said Suwarnadwipa (island of gold) may refer to this case. Sriwijaya kingdom also helped spread the culture throughout Sumatra Malays, Malays Peninsula, and West Borneo. In the 11th century the influence of Srivijaya began to shrink. This is marked by frequent conflict with the Javanese kingdoms, first with Singasari and then with Majapahit. At the end of the period, the center of the kingdom moved from Palembang to Jambi.
In the early days, the Khmer empire was also a colony of Sriwijaya. Many historians claim that Chaiya, Surat Thani province, Thailand as the last capital of the kingdom, although the claim is not essential. Srivijaya influence apparent on Borom That bagunan pagoda-style Kingdom. After the fall of Sriwijaya, Chaiya is divided into three cities namely (Mueang) Chaiya, Thatong (Kanchanadit) and Khirirat Nikhom.
Sriwijaya also closely related to the Pala kingdom in Bengal, and an inscription records that tertahun 860 king Balaputra a monastery dedicated to the University Nalada, Pala. Relations with the Chola dynasty of southern India, and good enough for the worse after the war in the 11th century.

Golden Age
After the chaos in the Canton trade between the years 820 to 850, Jambi government declared itself as an independent kingdom by sending envoys to China in the year 853 and 871. Jambi's independence coincided with dirampasnya throne of Srivijaya in Java with the king diusirnya Balaputradewa. In the year 902, the new king sent tribute to China. Two years later, the last king of the Tang Dynasty conferred the title of the messenger of Sriwijaya.
In the first half of the 10th century, between the fall of the Tang dynasty and the rise of the Song dynasty, with foreign trade is rampant, especially Fujian, Min royal and the rich countries of Guangdong, the kingdom of Nan Han. Srivijaya undoubtedly benefited from this trade. In the year 903, the Muslim writer Ibn Battuta was impressed with the prosperity of Sriwijaya. Urban areas include the kingdom of Palembang (especially Hill Seguntang), Muara Jambi and Kedah.
Decrease
Year 1025, Rajendra Chola, Chola king from Coromandel, southern India conquered Kedah from Srivijaya and master it. Chola kingdom invasion and conquest continued during the next 20 years throughout the empire Sriwijaya. Although the Chola invasion did not succeed completely, but the invasion has weakened the hegemony of Srivijaya which resulted in the release of some areas to form their own kingdom, like Kediri, a kingdom based on agriculture.
Between the years 1079 - 1088, the Tionghoa noted that Srivijaya sent ambassadors from Jambi and Palembang. [20] In 1082 and 1088, Jambi sent more than two ambassadors to China. [20] In this period the center of Sriwijaya has gradually shifted from Palembang to Jambi. [20] The expedition has weakened Chola Palembang, and Jambi has been replaced as the center of the kingdom. [21]
Based on the source of China in the book of Chu-fan-chi [22] which was written in 1178, Chou-Ju-Kua describe that in the islands of Southeast Asia there are two powerful kingdoms and rich, the Srivijaya and Java (Kediri). In Java, he found that people embraced Buddhism and Hinduism, while the people embraced Buddhist Srivijaya. Based on this source also said that some of the Srivijaya empire to escape, among others, Kien-pi (Kampe, in northern Sumatra) and a few colonies in Peninsular Malaysia. At that time, Srivijaya areas include; Pong-fong (Pahang), Tong-ya-nong (Trengganu), Ling-ya-ssi-kia (Langkasuka), Kilan-tan (Kelantan), Fo-lo-an (?), Ji-lo-t'ing (Jelutong), Ts'ien-mai (?), Pa-t'a (Batak), Tan-ma-ling (Tambralingga, Ligor), Kia-lo-hi (Grahi, the northern Peninsular Malaysia), Pa-lin-fong (Palembang), Sin-t'o (Sunda), Lan-wu-li (Lamuri in Aceh), and Si-lan (Ceylon?) [23].
In the year 1288, Singasari, successor to the kingdom of Kediri in Java, Palembang and Jambi conquered during Pamalayu expedition. In the year 1293, Majapahit Singasari successor, ruled Sumatra. King of the 4 Hayam Wuruk give that responsibility to the Prince Adityawarman, a Peranakan Minang and Java. In 1377 an uprising against the Majapahit, but it can be quelled a rebellion in southern Sumatra, although often there is chaos and destruction.
The next period, precipitation occurs on the Musi river which resulted in the closing of the voyage access to Palembang. This is certainly a very adverse trading empire. Sriwijaya decrease continuously until the arrival of Islam in Aceh is distributed by Arab traders and India. In the late 13th century, the kingdom Pasai in northern Sumatra Muslim convert.
In the year 1402, Parameswara, the last prince of Srivijaya founded the sultanate of Malacca in Peninsular Malaysia.
Trade
In world trade, Sriwijaya became the controlling trade routes between India and China, namely the possession of the straits of Malacca and Sunda straits. Arabs have noted that the Sriwijaya various commodities such as camphor, aloes wood, clove, nutmeg, cardamom, ivory, gold, and tin that make rich Srivijaya kings of kings in India.
Cultural influence
Sriwijaya kingdom heavily influenced Indian culture, first by the Hindu culture and then followed by Buddhism. Buddhism was introduced in the Srivijaya in the year 425 AD. Sriwijaya is the most important center of Mahayana Buddhism. Srivijaya kings over the archipelago through trade and conquest from the period of the 7th century until the 9th century.
At the same time, the religion of Islam into the Acehnese of Sumatra has spread through contact with Arab and Indian traders. In the year 1414 the last prince of Srivijaya, Parameswara, embraced Islam and emigrated to the Malay Peninsula and founded the Sultanate of Melaka.
Buddhism Hinayana Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism spread throughout the archipelago and Palembang become Buddhist learning center. In the years 1017, 1025, and 1068, Srivijaya had invaded the kingdom of Chola king Colamandala (India) which resulted in the destruction of the trade route. In the second attack in 1025, the king of Sri Sanggramawidjaja Tungadewa captivity. At the same time, Srivijaya had lost their monopoly on traffic Sino-Indian trade. Result Sriwijaya declining grandeur. In 1088, Selangor Sultanate, which formerly was under the auspices of Sriwijaya Sriwijaya making conquests.